Generally speaking, chemical and physical manipulation consists of the use of substances and/or methods which may alter the integrity and/or validity of urine samples obtained in doping controls.

Blood doping is defined by the World Anti-Doping Agency as the misuse of certain techniques and/or substances to increase one’s red blood cell mass, which allows the body to transport more oxygen to muscles and therefore increase stamina and performance.

In sports, masking agents are used to hide or prevent detection of banned substances or illegal drugs like anabolic steroids or stimulants. The use of masking agents lowers the concentration of the substance being ‘covered-up’ in a urine sample.

Most substances in this class act to either decrease the amount of estrogen in the body or block the estrogen receptors.

Beta-2 agonists are dilators which cause dilation (widening) of vessels by relaxing the smooth muscle surrounding them.

Anabolic agents are chemical substances that ‘step up’ the anabolic processes in the system.

This class includes all pharmacological substances which are not addressed by any of the sections of the Prohibited List and have no current approval by any governmental regulatory health authority for human therapeutic use.